-
1. Introduction to operating systems
While web developers primarily focus on coding web applications and front-end development, having a good grasp of operating systems is essential for ensuring the compatibility, security, performance, and reliability of their applications, as well as for troubleshooting and optimizing various aspects of web development.
-
2. Introduction to data networks
Networking is an integral part of web development because web applications rely on network communication to function. A solid understanding of networking concepts and practices is essential for building secure, performant, and reliable web applications.
-
3. The shell. Linux commands
Knowing Linux commands for a system administrator or even a software developer is of utmost importance because most servers run on a Linux or Unix operating system.
- 3.1 ls : showing files
- 3.2 file permissions
- 3.3 mkdir. Creating directories
- 3.4 rmdir. Deleting directories
- 3.5 Moving/renaming files and directories
- 3.6 Other commands
- 3.7 Mounting units
- 3.8 Daemons
- 3.9 What processes are running?
- 3.10 Who am I and where am I?
- 3.11 Files has its owner
- 3.12 Other commands
- 3.13 Users
- 3.14 The /etc/passwd file
- 3.15 The /etc/group file
- 3.16 Links
-
4. Shell script
In this chapter I want you to learn shell script but based on examples. Once you see the example I will propose another very similar one. If you do it and it works great, that means that not only do you understand the exercise but you are able to perform similar exercises. Keep in mind that with shell scripts you have to be patient. Misplaced whitespace can even cause a script to not work. If that happens, take a deep breath, be patient and persist, you will surely find the solution to the problem.
- 4.1. Your first shell script
- 4.2. Adding comments to your shell script
- 4.3. Variables in bash
- 4.4. Functions in bash
- 4.5 Conditional sentences
- 4.6. Repetitive sentences. Loops
- 4.7. Returning to functions
- 4.8. Arguments passed to a shell script.
- 4.9. Interaction with the user.
- 4.10. Using bash as a calculator
- 4.11. The expr command
- 4.12. What is the exit command and exit status?
- 4.13. File comparisons.
- 4.14. Comparisons of integers.
- 4.15. The shift command.
- 4.16. The let command and the arithmetic operators.
- 4.17. Logical operators.
- 4.18. The generation of random numbers.
- 4.20. C-style variables.
- 4.21. Menus in shell scripts.
- 4.22. Length of a string.
- 4.23. Finding out the numerical position of a substring in a string.
- 4.24. Extraction of a substring.
- 4.25. Deleting a substring.
- 4.26. Replacing a substring.
-
5. NETWORKING
4.16. The let command and the arithmetic operators.
So far we have been looking at basic concepts that will allow us to carry out most of the shell scripts. In this entry we will see more extremely useful concepts that will help us a lot when creating shell scripts such as the let command or the random command or also the logical operators.
Before seeing how the let command works, let’s see what arithmetic operators it uses:
+ sum
– subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
** exponentiation
Let’s look at an example of using the let command that uses the exponentiation operator:
let “z=5**3”
echo “z = $z”
z = 125
Another example using the % (modulo) operator.
let “z=5%3”
echo “z = $z”
z=2
With let we can also use the operators += (more equal) and -= (less equal):
var=3
let “var += 5”
echo $var
8
As we see, the command let «var += 5» increments the variable var by 5. And that’s not all, we can also use the *= operator (multiplied equals), /= (divided equals) and %= (module equals):
var=3
let “var *= 5” #which is the same as doing var=var*5
echo $var
15
Suggested exercise
Write a script that performs basic arithmetic operations like:
+ sum
– subtraction
x multiplication
/ division
The script will be called dale.sh and will work as follows:
$ ./dale 20 / 4
5
Implement it so that it works with many arguments.